![]() ![]() Therefore, chromium deficiencies can lead to pathologies associated with carbohydrates and weight loss. Cr(III) improves insulin activity, as it binds to insulin and potentiates its action by about three-fold. Cr(III) is a constituent of glucose tolerance factor (GTF): this factor is synthesized in vivo from absorbed dietary chromium and it modulates the rate of removal of glucose from blood with an insulin boosting mechanism. It has been defined a pharmacologically active element considering its important role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and in the maintenance of the structural integrity of nucleic acids. Cr(III) derives from anthropogenic sources and is an essential nutrient for humans. In its prevalent oxidation states, III and VI, it has completely different characteristics in terms of toxicity and essentiality in human health, and behavior in the soil. Among heavy metals, chromium represents a fascinating case. Heavy metals are pollutants present in the air and in the soil from natural and anthropogenic sources. Cr13 have been suggested as a promising agent for bioremediation of Cr(VI). It induces also epigenetic effects on DNA, histone tails and microRNA its toxicity seems to be related to its higher mobility in soil and swifter penetration through cell membranes than Cr(III). On the other hand, Cr(VI) is a human carcinogen and exposure to it occurs both in occupational and environmental contexts. It has been long considered an essential element, but now it has been reclassified as a nutritional supplement. The beneficial effects of Cr(III) in obesity and types 2 diabetes are known. Cr(III) is a trace element in humans and plays a major role in glucose and fat metabolism. Chromium’s peculiarity is that its behavior relies on its valence state. It may exist in different oxidation states, Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being relatively stable and largely predominant. Chromium (Cr) is a common element in the Earth’s crust.
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